![]() Further advances were made, especially to nucleosynthesis by neutron capture of the elements heavier than iron, by Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge, William Alfred Fowler and Hoyle in their famous 1957 B 2FH paper, which became one of the most heavily cited papers in astrophysics history. The theory was initially proposed by Fred Hoyle in 1946, who later refined it in 1954. It explains why the observed abundances of elements change over time and why some elements and their isotopes are much more abundant than others. As a predictive theory, it yields accurate estimates of the observed abundances of the elements. ![]() Stellar nucleosynthesis has occurred since the original creation of hydrogen, helium and lithium during the Big Bang. Stellar nucleosynthesis is the creation (nucleosynthesis) of chemical elements by nuclear fusion reactions within stars. ![]() Creation of chemical elements within stars ![]()
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